* which-key
  [[https://elpa.gnu.org/packages/which-key.html][https://elpa.gnu.org/packages/which-key.svg]]
  [[http://melpa.org/#/which-key][http://melpa.org/packages/which-key-badge.svg]]
  [[http://stable.melpa.org/#/which-key][file:http://stable.melpa.org/packages/which-key-badge.svg]]

** Recent Changes
*** 2021-06-21: Add support for menu-item bindings
    =which-key= will now detect and compute the result of =menu-item=
    bindings. As a consequence of reworking the internals,
    =which-key-enable-extended-define-key= is now obsolete (the associated
    behavior is supported by default).

*** 2020-08-28: Added =which-key-add-keymap-based-replacements=
    This function provides an alternative interface allowing replacements to be
    stored directly in keymaps, allowing one to avoid using
    =which-key-replacement-alist=, which may cause performance issues when it
    gets very big.
*** 2019-08-01: Added =which-key-show-early-on-C-h=
    Allows one to trigger =which-key= on demand, rather than automatically. See
    the docstring and [[#manual-activation][Manual Activation]].

*** 2017-12-13: Added =which-key-enable-extended-define-key=
    Allows for a concise syntax to specify replacement text using =define-key=
    or alternatives that use =define-key= internally. See the docstring and
    [[#custom-string-replacement-options][Custom String Replacement]].

*** 2017-11-13: Added =which-key-show-major-mode=
    Shows active bindings in current major-mode map.
** Introduction
   =which-key= is a minor mode for Emacs that displays the key bindings
   following your currently entered incomplete command (a prefix) in a
   popup. For example, after enabling the minor mode if you enter =C-x= and wait
   for the default of 1 second the minibuffer will expand with all of the
   available key bindings that follow =C-x= (or as many as space allows given
   your settings).  This includes prefixes like =C-x 8= which are shown in a
   different face. Screenshots of what the popup will look like are included
   below. =which-key= started as a rewrite of [[https://github.com/kai2nenobu/guide-key][guide-key-mode]], but the feature
   sets have diverged to a certain extent.

** Table of Contents                                                  :TOC_3:
- [[#which-key][which-key]]
  - [[#recent-changes][Recent Changes]]
    - [[#2021-06-21-add-support-for-menu-item-bindings][2021-06-21: Add support for menu-item bindings]]
    - [[#2020-08-28-added-which-key-add-keymap-based-replacements][2020-08-28: Added =which-key-add-keymap-based-replacements=]]
    - [[#2019-08-01-added-which-key-show-early-on-c-h][2019-08-01: Added =which-key-show-early-on-C-h=]]
    - [[#2017-12-13-added-which-key-enable-extended-define-key][2017-12-13: Added =which-key-enable-extended-define-key=]]
    - [[#2017-11-13-added-which-key-show-major-mode][2017-11-13: Added =which-key-show-major-mode=]]
  - [[#introduction][Introduction]]
  - [[#install][Install]]
    - [[#melpa][MELPA]]
    - [[#manually][Manually]]
  - [[#initial-setup][Initial Setup]]
    - [[#side-window-bottom-option][Side Window Bottom Option]]
    - [[#side-window-right-option][Side Window Right Option]]
    - [[#side-window-right-then-bottom][Side Window Right then Bottom]]
    - [[#minibuffer-option][Minibuffer Option]]
  - [[#manual-activation][Manual Activation]]
  - [[#additional-commands][Additional Commands]]
  - [[#special-features-and-configuration-options][Special Features and Configuration Options]]
    - [[#popup-type-options][Popup Type Options]]
    - [[#custom-string-replacement-options][Custom String Replacement Options]]
    - [[#sorting-options][Sorting Options]]
    - [[#paging-options][Paging Options]]
    - [[#face-customization-options][Face Customization Options]]
    - [[#other-options][Other Options]]
  - [[#support-for-third-party-libraries][Support for Third-Party Libraries]]
    - [[#key-chord][Key-chord]]
    - [[#evil-operators][Evil operators]]
    - [[#god-mode][God-mode]]
  - [[#more-examples][More Examples]]
    - [[#nice-display-with-split-frame][Nice Display with Split Frame]]
  - [[#known-issues][Known Issues]]
  - [[#thanks][Thanks]]

** Install
*** MELPA
    After setting up [[http://melpa.org][MELPA]] as a repository, use =M-x package-install which-key=
    or your preferred method. You will need to call =which-key-mode= to enable
    the minor mode of course.

*** Manually
    Add which-key.el to your =load-path= and require. Something like
    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
    (add-to-list 'load-path "path/to/which-key.el")
    (require 'which-key)
    (which-key-mode)
    #+END_SRC

** Initial Setup
   No further setup is required if you are happy with the default setup. To try
   other options, there are 3 choices of default configs that are preconfigured
   (then customize to your liking). The main choice is where you want the
   which-key buffer to display. Screenshots of the default options are shown in
   the next sections.

   In each case, we show as many key bindings as we can fit in the buffer within
   the constraints. The constraints are determined by several factors, including
   your Emacs settings, the size of the current Emacs frame, and the which-key
   settings, most of which are described below.

   There are many substitution abilities included, which are quite flexible
   (ability to use regexp for example). This makes which-key very customizable.

*** Side Window Bottom Option
    Popup side window on bottom. This is the current default. To restore this
    setup use

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(which-key-setup-side-window-bottom)
    #+END_SRC

    [[./img/which-key-bottom.png]]

*** Side Window Right Option
    Popup side window on right. For defaults use

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(which-key-setup-side-window-right)
    #+END_SRC

    Note the defaults are fairly conservative and will tend to not display on
    narrower frames. If you get a message saying which-key can't display the
    keys, try making your frame wider or adjusting the defaults related to the
    maximum width (see =M-x customize-group which-key=).

    [[./img/which-key-right.png]]

*** Side Window Right then Bottom
    This is a combination of the previous two choices. It will try to use the
    right side, but if there is no room it will switch to using the bottom,
    which is usually easier to fit keys into. This setting can be helpful if the
    size of the Emacs frame changes frequently, which might be the case if you
    are using a dynamic/tiling window manager.

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
    (which-key-setup-side-window-right-bottom)
    #+END_SRC

*** Minibuffer Option
    Take over the minibuffer. For the recommended configuration use

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
    (which-key-setup-minibuffer)
    #+END_SRC

    [[./img/which-key-minibuffer.png]]

    Note the maximum height of the minibuffer is controlled through the built-in
    variable =max-mini-window-height=. Also, the paging commands do not work
    reliably with the minibuffer option. Use the side window on the bottom
    option if you need paging.

** Manual Activation
   #+NAME: #manual-activation
   If you only want the =which-key= popup when you need it, you can try a setup
   along the following lines

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     ;; Allow C-h to trigger which-key before it is done automatically
     (setq which-key-show-early-on-C-h t)
     ;; make sure which-key doesn't show normally but refreshes quickly after it is
     ;; triggered.
     (setq which-key-idle-delay 10000)
     (setq which-key-idle-secondary-delay 0.05)
     (which-key-mode)
   #+END_SRC

   This will prevent which-key from showing automatically, and allow you to use
   =C-h= in the middle of a key sequence to show the =which-key= buffer and keep
   it open for the remainder of the key sequence.

** Additional Commands
   - =which-key-show-top-level= will show most key bindings without a prefix. It
     is most and not all, because many are probably not interesting to most
     users.
   - =which-key-show-major-mode= will show the currently active major-mode
     bindings. It's similar to =C-h m= but in a which-key format. It is also
     aware of evil commands defined using =evil-define-key=.
   - =which-key-show-next-page-cycle= / =which-key-show-previous-page-cycle= will flip pages in a circle.
   - =which-key-show-next-page-no-cycle= / =which-key-show-previous-page-no-cycle= will flip pages and stop at first/last page.
   - =which-key-undo= can be used to undo the last keypress when in the middle
     of a key sequence.

** Special Features and Configuration Options
   There are more options than the ones described here. All of the configurable
   variables are available through =M-x customize-group which-key=.
*** Popup Type Options
    There are three different popup types that which-key can use by default to
    display the available keys. The variable =which-key-popup-type= decides
    which one is used.
**** minibuffer
     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (setq which-key-popup-type 'minibuffer)
     #+END_SRC
     Show keys in the minibuffer.
**** side window
     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (setq which-key-popup-type 'side-window)
     #+END_SRC
     Show keys in a side window. This popup type has further options:
     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     ;; location of which-key window. valid values: top, bottom, left, right,
     ;; or a list of any of the two. If it's a list, which-key will always try
     ;; the first location first. It will go to the second location if there is
     ;; not enough room to display any keys in the first location
     (setq which-key-side-window-location 'bottom)

     ;; max width of which-key window, when displayed at left or right.
     ;; valid values: number of columns (integer), or percentage out of current
     ;; frame's width (float larger than 0 and smaller than 1)
     (setq which-key-side-window-max-width 0.33)

     ;; max height of which-key window, when displayed at top or bottom.
     ;; valid values: number of lines (integer), or percentage out of current
     ;; frame's height (float larger than 0 and smaller than 1)
     (setq which-key-side-window-max-height 0.25)
     #+END_SRC
**** frame

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (setq which-key-popup-type 'frame)
     #+END_SRC
     Show keys in a popup frame. This popup won't work very well in a terminal,
     where only one frame can be shown at any given moment. This popup type has
     further options:
     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     ;; max width of which-key frame: number of columns (an integer)
     (setq which-key-frame-max-width 60)

     ;; max height of which-key frame: number of lines (an integer)
     (setq which-key-frame-max-height 20)
     #+END_SRC

**** custom
     Write your own display functions! This requires you to write three
     functions, =which-key-custom-popup-max-dimensions-function=,
     =which-key-custom-show-popup-function=, and
     =which-key-custom-hide-popup-function=. Refer to the documentation for
     those variables for more information, but here is a working example (this
     is the current implementation of side-window bottom).


     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
       (setq which-key-popup-type 'custom)
       (defun which-key-custom-popup-max-dimensions-function (ignore)
         (cons
          (which-key-height-or-percentage-to-height
           which-key-side-window-max-height)
          (frame-width)))
       (defun fit-horizonatally ()
         (let ((fit-window-to-buffer-horizontally t))
           (fit-window-to-buffer)))
       (defun which-key-custom-show-popup-function (act-popup-dim)
         (let* ((alist '((window-width . fit-horizontally)
                         (window-height . fit-window-to-buffer))))
           (if (get-buffer-window which-key--buffer)
               (display-buffer-reuse-window which-key--buffer alist)
             (display-buffer-in-major-side-window which-key--buffer
                                                  'bottom 0 alist))))
       (defun which-key-custom-hide-popup-function ()
         (when (buffer-live-p which-key--buffer)
           (quit-windows-on which-key--buffer)))
     #+END_SRC

*** Custom String Replacement Options
    #+NAME: #custom-string-replacement-options
    You can customize the way the keys show in the buffer using three different
    replacement methods. The first, keymap-based replacement, is preferred and
    will take precedence over the others. The remaining methods are still
    available, because they pre-date the first and are more flexible in what
    they can accomplish.

**** Keymap-based replacement
     Using this method, which-key can display a custom string for a key
     definition in some keymap. There are two ways to define a keymap-based
     replacement. The preferred way is to use =define-key= (or a command that
     uses =define-key= internally) with a cons cell as the definition. For
     example,

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (define-key some-map "f" '("foo" . command-foo))
     (define-key some-map "b" '("bar-prefix" . (keymap)))
     #+END_SRC

     binds =command-foo= to =f= in =some-map=, but also stores the string "foo"
     which which-key will extract to use to describe this command. The second
     example binds an empty keymap to =b= in =some-map= and uses "bar-prefix" to
     describe it. These bindings are accepted by =define-key= natively (i.e.,
     with or without which-key being loaded). Since many key-binding utilities
     use =define-key= internally, this functionality should be available with
     your favorite method of defining keys as well.

     The second method is to use =which-key-add-keymap-based-replacements=. The
     statement

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
       (define-key some-map "f" 'long-command-name-foo)
       (define-key some-map "b" some-prefix-map)
       (which-key-add-keymap-based-replacements some-map
         "f" '("foo" . long-command-name-foo)
         "b" '("bar-prefix" . (keymap)))
     #+END_SRC

     uses =define-key= to add two bindings and tells which-key to use the string
     "foo" in place of "command-foo" and the string "bar-prefix" for an empty
     prefix map. =which-key-add-keymap-based-replacements= just uses
     =define-key= to bind (or rebind) the command.

     There are other methods of telling which-key to replace command names,
     which are described next. The keymap-based replacements should be the most
     performant since they use built-in functionality of emacs. However, the
     alternatives can be more flexible in telling which-key how and when to
     replace text. They can be used simultaneously, but which-key will give
     precedence to the keymap-based replacement when it exists.

**** Key-Based replacement
     Using this method, the description of a key is replaced using a string that
     you provide. Here's an example

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (which-key-add-key-based-replacements
       "C-x C-f" "find files")
     #+END_SRC

     where the first string is the key combination whose description you want to
     replace, in a form suitable for =kbd=. For that key combination, which-key
     overwrites the description with the second string, "find files". In the
     second type of entry you can restrict the replacements to a major-mode. For
     example,

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (which-key-add-major-mode-key-based-replacements 'org-mode
       "C-c C-c" "Org C-c C-c"
       "C-c C-a" "Org Attach")
     #+END_SRC

     Here the first entry is the major-mode followed by a list of the first type
     of entries. In case the same key combination is listed under a major-mode
     and by itself, the major-mode version takes precedence.

**** Key and Description replacement

     The second and third methods target the text used for the keys and the
     descriptions directly. The relevant variable is
     =which-key-replacement-alist=.  Here's an example of one of the default key
     replacements

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (push '(("<\\([[:alnum:]-]+\\)>" . nil) . ("\\1" . nil))
           which-key-replacement-alist)
     #+END_SRC

     Each element of the outer cons cell is a cons cell of the form =(KEY
     . BINDING)=. The =car= of the outer cons determines how to match key
     bindings while the =cdr= determines how those matches are replaced. See the
     docstring of =which-key-replacement-alist= for more information.

     The next example shows how to replace the description.

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (push '((nil . "left") . (nil . "lft")) which-key-replacement-alist)
     #+END_SRC

     Here is an example of using key replacement to include Unicode characters
     in the results. Unfortunately, using Unicode characters may upset the
     alignment of the which-key buffer, because Unicode characters can have
     different widths even in a monospace font and alignment is based on
     character width.

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (add-to-list 'which-key-replacement-alist '(("TAB" . nil) . ("↹" . nil)))
     (add-to-list 'which-key-replacement-alist '(("RET" . nil) . ("⏎" . nil)))
     (add-to-list 'which-key-replacement-alist '(("DEL" . nil) . ("⇤" . nil)))
     (add-to-list 'which-key-replacement-alist '(("SPC" . nil) . ("␣" . nil)))
     #+END_SRC

     The =cdr= may also be a function that receives a =cons= of the form =(KEY
     . BINDING)= and produces a =cons= of the same form. This allows for
     interesting ideas like this one suggested by [[https://github.com/pdcawley][@pdcawley]] in [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key/pull/147][PR #147]].

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (push (cons '(nil . "paredit-mode")
                 (lambda (kb)
                   (cons (car kb)
                         (if paredit-mode
                             "[x] paredit-mode"
                           "[ ] paredit-mode"))))
           which-key-replacement-alist)
     #+END_SRC

     The box will be checked if =paredit-mode= is currently active.

*** Sorting Options
    By default the output is sorted by the key in a custom order. The default
    order is to sort lexicographically within each "class" of key, where the
    classes and their order are

    =Special (SPC, TAB, ...) < Single Character (ASCII) (a, ...) < Modifier (C-, M-, ...) < Other=

    You can control the order by setting this variable. This also shows the
    other available options.

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
    ;; default
    (setq which-key-sort-order 'which-key-key-order)
    ;; same as default, except single characters are sorted alphabetically
    ;; (setq which-key-sort-order 'which-key-key-order-alpha)
    ;; same as default, except all prefix keys are grouped together at the end
    ;; (setq which-key-sort-order 'which-key-prefix-then-key-order)
    ;; same as default, except all keys from local maps shown first
    ;; (setq which-key-sort-order 'which-key-local-then-key-order)
    ;; sort based on the key description ignoring case
    ;; (setq which-key-sort-order 'which-key-description-order)
    #+END_SRC

*** Paging Options

    There are at least several prefixes that have many keys bound to them, like
    =C-x=. which-key displays as many keys as it can given your settings, but
    for these prefixes this may not be enough. The paging feature gives you the
    ability to bind a key to the function =which-key-C-h-dispatch= which will
    allow you to cycle through the pages without changing the key sequence you
    were in the middle of typing. There are two slightly different ways of doing
    this.

**** Method 1 (default): Using C-h (or =help-char=)
     This is the easiest way, and is turned on by default. Use
     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (setq which-key-use-C-h-commands nil)
     #+END_SRC
     to disable the behavior (this will only take effect after toggling
     which-key-mode if it is already enabled). =C-h= can be used with any prefix
     to switch pages when there are multiple pages of keys. This changes the
     default behavior of Emacs which is to show a list of key bindings that
     apply to a prefix.  For example, if you were to type =C-x C-h= you would
     get a list of commands that follow =C-x=. This uses which-key instead to
     show those keys, and unlike the Emacs default saves the incomplete prefix
     that you just entered so that the next keystroke can complete the command.

     The commands are:
     - Cycle through the pages forward with =n= (or =C-n=)
     - Cycle backwards with =p= (or =C-p=)
     - Undo the last entered key (!) with =u= (or =C-u=)
     - Call the default command bound to =C-h=, usually
       =describe-prefix-bindings=, with =h= (or =C-h=)

  This is especially useful for those who like =helm-descbinds= but also want to
  use =C-h= as their which-key paging key.

  Note =C-h= is by default equivalent to =?= in this context.

  Note also that using =C-h= will not work with the =C-h= prefix, unless you
  make further adjustments. See Issues [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key/issues/93][#93]] and [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key/issues/175][#175]] for example.

**** Method 2: Bind your own keys

     Essentially, all you need to do for a prefix like =C-x= is the following
     which will bind =<f5>= to the relevant command.

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(define-key which-key-mode-map (kbd "C-x <f5>") 'which-key-C-h-dispatch)
     #+END_SRC

     This is completely equivalent to

     #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(setq which-key-paging-prefixes '("C-x"))
(setq which-key-paging-key "<f5>")
     #+END_SRC

     where the latter are provided for convenience if you have a lot of
     prefixes.

*** Face Customization Options
    The faces that which-key uses are
    | Face                                   | Applied To                    | Default Definition                                          |
    |----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------|
    | =which-key-key-face=                   | Every key sequence            | =:inherit font-lock-constant-face=                          |
    | =which-key-separator-face=             | The separator (→)             | =:inherit font-lock-comment-face=                           |
    | =which-key-note-face=                  | Hints and notes               | =:inherit which-key-separator-face=                         |
    | =which-key-special-key-face=           | User-defined special keys     | =:inherit which-key-key-face :inverse-video t :weight bold= |
    | =which-key-group-description-face=     | Command groups (i.e, keymaps) | =:inherit font-lock-keyword-face=                           |
    | =which-key-command-description-face=   | Commands not in local-map     | =:inherit font-lock-function-name-face=                     |
    | =which-key-local-map-description-face= | Commands in local-map         | =:inherit which-key-command-description-face=               |

    The last two deserve some explanation. A command lives in one of many possible
    keymaps. You can distinguish between local maps, which depend on the buffer you
    are in, which modes are active, etc., and the global map which applies
    everywhere. It might be useful for you to distinguish between the two. One way
    to do this is to remove the default face from
    =which-key-command-description-face= like this

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  (set-face-attribute 'which-key-command-description-face nil :inherit nil)
    #+END_SRC

    another is to make the local map keys appear in bold

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  (set-face-attribute 'which-key-local-map-description-face nil :weight 'bold)
    #+END_SRC

    You can also use =M-x customize-face= to customize any of the above faces to
    your liking.

*** Other Options
    #+NAME: #other-options
    The options below are also available through customize. Their defaults are
    shown.

    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
      ;; Set the time delay (in seconds) for the which-key popup to appear. A value of
      ;; zero might cause issues so a non-zero value is recommended.
      (setq which-key-idle-delay 1.0)

      ;; Set the maximum length (in characters) for key descriptions (commands or
      ;; prefixes). Descriptions that are longer are truncated and have ".." added.
      (setq which-key-max-description-length 27)

      ;; Use additional padding between columns of keys. This variable specifies the
      ;; number of spaces to add to the left of each column.
      (setq which-key-add-column-padding 0)

      ;; The maximum number of columns to display in the which-key buffer. nil means
      ;; don't impose a maximum.
      (setq which-key-max-display-columns nil)

      ;; Set the separator used between keys and descriptions. Change this setting to
      ;; an ASCII character if your font does not show the default arrow. The second
      ;; setting here allows for extra padding for Unicode characters. which-key uses
      ;; characters as a means of width measurement, so wide Unicode characters can
      ;; throw off the calculation.
      (setq which-key-separator " → " )
      (setq which-key-unicode-correction 3)

      ;; Set the prefix string that will be inserted in front of prefix commands
      ;; (i.e., commands that represent a sub-map).
      (setq which-key-prefix-prefix "+" )

      ;; Set the special keys. These are automatically truncated to one character and
      ;; have which-key-special-key-face applied. Disabled by default. An example
      ;; setting is
      ;; (setq which-key-special-keys '("SPC" "TAB" "RET" "ESC" "DEL"))
      (setq which-key-special-keys nil)

      ;; Show the key prefix on the left, top, or bottom (nil means hide the prefix).
      ;; The prefix consists of the keys you have typed so far. which-key also shows
      ;; the page information along with the prefix.
      (setq which-key-show-prefix 'left)

      ;; Set to t to show the count of keys shown vs. total keys in the mode line.
      (setq which-key-show-remaining-keys nil)
    #+END_SRC
** Support for Third-Party Libraries
   Some support is provided for third-party libraries which don't use standard
   methods of looking up commands. Some of these need to be enabled
   explicitly. This code includes some hacks, so please report any problems.
*** Key-chord
    Enabled by default.
*** Evil operators
    Evil motions and text objects following an operator like =d= are not all
    looked up in a standard way. Support is controlled through
    =which-key-allow-evil-operators= which should be non-nil if evil is loaded
    before which-key and through =which-key-show-operator-state-maps= which
    needs to be enabled explicitly because it is more of a hack. The former
    allows for the inner and outer text object maps to show, while the latter
    shows motions as well.
*** God-mode
    Call =(which-key-enable-god-mode-support)= after loading god-mode to enable
    support for god-mode key sequences. This is new and experimental, so please
    report any issues.
** More Examples
*** Nice Display with Split Frame
    Unlike guide-key, which-key looks good even if the frame is split into
    several windows.
    #+CAPTION: which-key in a frame with 3 horizontal splits
    [[./img/which-key-right-split.png]]

    #+CAPTION: which-key in a frame with 2 vertical splits
    [[./img/which-key-bottom-split.png]]
** Known Issues
   - A few users have reported crashes related to which-key popups when quitting
     a key sequence with =C-g=. A possible fix is discussed in [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key/issues/130][this issue]].
** Thanks
   Special thanks to
   - [[https://github.com/bmag][@bmag]] for helping with the initial development and finding many bugs.
   - [[https://github/iqbalansari][@iqbalansari]] who among other things adapted the code to make
     =which-key-show-top-level= possible.
